1.6万个恐龙脚印?玻利维亚发现全球最密集脚印区

在很多人眼中,恐龙的故事往往只存在于博物馆的骨架和影视作品的想象中,但在全球各地,它们曾真实地踏过土地、留下痕迹。位于玻利维亚中部的一个偏远地区,散布着成千上万枚古老脚印,过去曾被当地传说赋予神秘色彩,直到科学家逐步揭开它们的真实身份。这些脚印究竟记录了怎样的恐龙生活场景?又能为我们理解远古动物的行为提供哪些线索?我们马上和 Jamie 一起走进今天的文章。

讲解人 · Jamie

北外高翻会议口译硕士 金融业 in-house 同传译员

原文


        
** 16,000 fossil footprints in central Bolivia reveal dinosaur behavior **
Legend once had it that the huge, three-toed footprints scattered across the central highlands of Bolivia came from supernaturally strong monsters.

Then scientists came here in the 1960s and dispelled children’s fears, determining that the strange footprints in fact belonged to gigantic, two-legged dinosaurs that stomped and splashed over 60 million years ago, in the ancient waterways of what is now Toro Toro, a village and popular national park in the Bolivian Andes.

Now, a team of paleontologists, mostly from California’s Loma Linda University, have discovered and meticulously documented 16, 600 such footprints left by theropods, the dinosaur group that includes the Tyrannosaurus rex.

Their study, based on six years of regular field visits and published in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS One, reports that this finding represents the highest number of theropod footprints recorded anywhere in the world.

“There’s no place in the world where you have such a big abundance of (theropod) footprints, “ said Roberto Biaggi, a co-author of the study led by Spanish paleontologist Raúl Esperante.

The dinosaurs that ruled the earth and roamed this region also made awkward attempts to swim here, according to the study, scratching at what was squishy lake-bottom sediment to leave another 1, 378 traces.

“This is a remarkable window into the lives and behaviors of dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous, “ said Richard Butler, a paleontologist at the University of Birmingham.

Although they’ve survived for millions of years, human life has threatened these traces.

For decades, farmers threshed corn and wheat on the footprint-covered plateaus.

Nearby quarry workers didn’t think much of the formations as they blasted rock layers for limestone.

The reason dinosaurs flocked in droves to this wind-swept plateau remains a mystery.

But what’s certain is that research into this treasure trove of a dinosaur tracksite will continue.

带着问题听讲解

  • 如何理解 dispel 这个词?
  • 根据文章,除了行走痕迹外,还揭示了哪些恐龙的行为?
  • 根据文章,这一发现有什么特别之处?

讲解


        
** 1.6万个恐龙脚印?玻利维亚发现全球最密集脚印区 **
Legend once had it that the huge, three-toed footprints scattered across the central highlands of Bolivia came from supernaturally strong monsters.
传说中,散布在玻利维亚中部高地的巨大三趾足迹来自具有超自然力量的大力怪物。
Then scientists came here in the 1960s and dispelled children's fears, determining that the strange footprints in fact belonged to gigantic, two-legged dinosaurs that stomped and splashed over 60 million years ago, in the ancient waterways of what is now Toro Toro, a village and popular national park in the Bolivian Andes.
然后在 20 世纪 60 年代,科学家们来到这里,驱散了孩子们的恐惧,确定这些奇特的足迹实际上属于庞大的两足行恐龙。六千多万年前,它们在古代水道中跺步前行、溅起水花,水道如今位于玻利维亚安第斯山脉中的托罗托罗(Toro Toro),一个村庄同时也是一座颇受欢迎的国家公园。
Now, a team of paleontologists, mostly from California's Loma Linda University, have discovered and meticulously documented 16,600 such footprints left by theropods, the dinosaur group that includes the Tyrannosaurus rex.
如今,一支以美国加州洛马琳达大学(Loma Linda University)学者为主的古生物学团队,发现并详尽记录了 16,600 个由兽脚类恐龙留下的足迹,兽脚类是包括霸王龙(Tyrannosaurus rex)在内的恐龙群体。
Their study, based on six years of regular field visits and published in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS One, reports that this finding represents the highest number of theropod footprints recorded anywhere in the world.
他们的研究基于六年的定期野外考察,发表在经同行评审的期刊《PLOS One》上。报告称,这一发现代表了全球记录在案的最大数量的兽脚类恐龙足迹。
"There's no place in the world where you have such a big abundance of (theropod) footprints," said Roberto Biaggi, a co-author of the study led by Spanish paleontologist Raúl Esperante.
这项研究由西班牙古生物学家劳尔·埃斯佩兰特带队,研究的联合作者罗伯托·比亚吉表示:“世界上没有任何地方拥有如此丰富的(兽脚类恐龙)足迹。”
The dinosaurs that ruled the earth and roamed this region also made awkward attempts to swim here, according to the study, scratching at what was squishy lake-bottom sediment to leave another 1,378 traces.
研究显示,这些曾统治地球并游荡于此的恐龙,还曾笨拙地尝试在此游泳,它们在松软的湖底沉积物上留下 1378 处抓痕。
"This is a remarkable window into the lives and behaviors of dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous," said Richard Butler, a paleontologist at the University of Birmingham.
伯明翰大学古生物学家理查德·巴特勒指出:“这是了解白垩纪末期恐龙生活习性的珍贵窗口。”
Although they've survived for millions of years, human life has threatened these traces. For decades, farmers threshed corn and wheat on the footprint-covered plateaus. Nearby quarry workers didn't think much of the formations as they blasted rock layers for limestone.
尽管历经数百万年得以留存,这些足迹却一直受到人类活动的威胁。数十年来,农民在布满恐龙足迹的高地上给玉米小麦脱粒;附近采石场的工人为获取石灰岩而炸开岩层时,也未曾留意这些地质构造。
The reason dinosaurs flocked in droves to this wind-swept plateau remains a mystery. But what's certain is that research into this treasure trove of a dinosaur tracksite will continue.
恐龙为何会成群结队地涌向这片风蚀高原,至今仍是一个谜。但可以肯定的是,针对这座恐龙足迹宝库的研究仍将继续下去。

重点词汇

supernaturally
adv. 超自然地,无法用科学解释地

  • 词根词缀:super-(表示“超过,在……之上”)

dispel

/dɪˈspel/

v. 驱散;消除

  • 例句:It dispels the myth that you need to be a genius to learn coding.

gigantic

/ˌdʒaɪˈɡæn.t̬ɪk/

adj. 巨大的

  • 近义词:huge

stomp

/stɑːmp/

v. 跺着脚走;重步走

paleontologist

/ˌpeɪ.li.ɑːnˈtɑː.lə.dʒɪst/

n. 古生物学家

  • 词根词缀:paleo-(古老);on(being,存在);-logy(学科);-ist(从事……活动的人)

meticulously

/məˈtɪk.jə.ləs.li/

adv. 一丝不苟地;非常严谨地

  • 相关词汇:meticulous(adj.)
    • 搭配短语:a meticulous planner
    词义辨析:meticulously,carefully
    • meticulously 总体上程度要比 carefully 重得多,carefully 只是“小心地”,而 meticulously 强调的是一种不惜花费大量时间和精力,对细节进行完美把控的严谨态度。

abundance

/əˈbʌn.dəns/

n. 大量,充足,丰富

  • 词源:abundance 来自拉丁语里表示“波浪”的词,前缀 ab- 表示从……出来。所以 abundance 最原始的画面感是“像波浪一样涌出来”。
    搭配短语:in abundance
    • 例句:Fruit and vegetables grew in abundance on the island.

roam

/roʊm/

v. 漫步,漫游

  • 同义词:wander

scratch

/skrætʃ/

v. 抓,划,刮

squishy

/ˈskwɪʃ.i/

adj. 湿软的,黏糊糊的

  • 英文释义:soft and wet

sediment

/ˈsed.ə.mənt/

n. 沉淀物,沉渣

window into/on/onto something
了解某事的渠道,窗口

  • 例句:The play is an accurate window on the world.

thresh

/θreʃ/

v. 使(谷物)脱粒

quarry

/ˈkwɔːr.i/

n. 采石场

blast

/blæst/

v. 爆破;严厉批评,猛烈抨击

  • 例句:The movie was blasted by all the critics.

limestone

/ˈlaɪm.stoʊn/

n. 石灰石,石灰岩

flock

/flɑːk/

v. 聚集,蜂拥

  • 词性拓展:flock(n. 羊群,鸟群,人群;(特定类型的)一群人)
    • 同义词:crowd
    例句:People have been flocking to the exhibition.

drove

/droʊv/

n. 迁徙途中的畜群;人群

  • 搭配短语droves of tourists
    搭配短语:in droves
    • 例句:Tourists come in droves to see the Forbidden City.

treasure trove
宝库

拓展阅读

我国科学家揭示早侏罗世兽脚类恐龙行为奥秘
兽脚类恐龙大多数为两足行走、拥有利齿的肉食性恐龙。我国科学家通过对四川发现的 413 个早侏罗世兽脚类恐龙足迹开展研究,揭示出早期兽脚类恐龙的多样性、运动方式及行为特征。该成果 11 月 28 日在权威期刊《古地理学报》(英文版)上在线发表。
2017 年,在四川省自贡市富顺县永年镇五里村,当地表面布满“鸡爪”状痕迹的长条形石板,被确认为重要恐龙足迹化石并移入博物馆。此后,自贡恐龙博物馆、中国地质大学(北京)等机构组成的联合研究团队,对这批化石展开深入研究。
图为石板上的兽脚类恐龙足迹。
恐龙研究专家、中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院副教授邢立达介绍,此次研究的核心标本由8块石板组成,上面密布着 413 个清晰的三趾型兽脚类足迹,且足迹密度极高。研究人员判断,这批足迹大多数为跷脚龙足迹,平均长度约为 14.5 厘米,形态“紧凑”,具有清晰的圆形趾垫和尖锐爪痕;部分较大足迹被归入实雷龙足迹,最大足迹长达 22.5 厘米。
通过对足迹的精确测量和生物力学分析,研究人员认为,这些小型兽脚类恐龙可能采用了一种类似现代鸟类“接地奔跑”的步态,其运动速度约在每小时 5.8 公里至 8.6 公里。
图为石板上的实雷龙足迹。(受访者供图)
研究人员还对化石上的多道细长痕迹进行毫米级精度的三维成像。分析发现,与足迹相伴的还有数条清晰的“尾迹”。这些尾迹长度在 20 厘米至 40 厘米之间,宽约 2 厘米至 3 厘米,深度较浅,确认为恐龙尾部与地面接触的直接遗迹。
“双足恐龙的尾迹非常罕见,其成因看法不一。”邢立达说,这些尾迹很可能是兽脚类恐龙在滨湖或滨岸地带活动时,低速移动、停驻观望或同类互动中展示出攻击性姿态等所留下的。
图为团队绘制的造迹者的警戒行为留下的尾迹。
他表示,此次发现丰富了人类对早侏罗世四川盆地恐龙动物群的认识,不仅为全球分布的经典足迹类型提供了重要的亚洲实例,还提示这些早期兽脚类恐龙可能已具备类似鸟类的运动能力,并具有相关复杂行为,为古生态系统重建打开了新窗口。
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